Crude oil
Hydrocarbon
compounds are widely used in everyday life such as petroleum. Because of the
importance of petroleum for the sustainability of our lives, then on this
subject matter we will discuss the process of formation of petroleum, petroleum
refining, petroleum fractions, and the impact of petroleum burning.
The Formation of Petroleum
Petroleum
is formed from the decomposition of organic compounds from the bodies of
microorganisms millions of years ago on the seafloor. The liquid decomposition
results into petroleum and the gaseous form of gas into natural gas. This
decomposition process takes place so slowly that to form petroleum takes a very
long time. That is why petroleum includes natural resources that can not be
renewed, so it takes wisdom in exploration and usage. To get this oil can be
done by drilling.
Petroleum
is a mixture of hydrocarbon compounds. To be utilized it needs to be separated
by stratified distillation, that is the way of separating the petroleum
fractions based on their boiling point difference in the stratified columns.
The
main component of petroleum and natural gas is alkanes. Natural gas contains
80% methane, 7% ethane, 6% propane, 4% butane and isobutane, the remaining
pentane. To be utilized liquefied propane and butane gas known as LNG (Liquid
Natural Gas). Because pure natural gas combustion is more efficient and less
pollutant, natural gas is widely used for industrial and household fuels. In
small tubes are often used for camping, picnics, and as lighters. LNG is also
widely used for chemical industry basic materials such as the manufacture of
methanol and fertilizers.
Compounds of petroleum compounds: alkanes, cycloalkanes, and aromatic compounds. In addition there are impurities of organic compounds containing S, N, O, and metal organo. From the distillation results obtained fractions LNG, LPG, petroleum ether, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, oil, wax, and asphalt.
Compounds of petroleum compounds: alkanes, cycloalkanes, and aromatic compounds. In addition there are impurities of organic compounds containing S, N, O, and metal organo. From the distillation results obtained fractions LNG, LPG, petroleum ether, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, oil, wax, and asphalt.
2. Petroleum Factions
Fraction
|
Boiling
Point (oC)
|
Number
of Atoms C
|
Usefulness
|
Gas
|
(-160)
- (-40)
|
1
- 4
|
Like LPG
|
Petroleum
Ether
|
30
- 90
|
5
- 7
|
Solvent
and dry cleaning
|
Fuel
|
35
- 75
|
5
- 10
|
Like Premium
|
Naphtha
|
70
- 170
|
8
- 12
|
Petrochemical
industry raw materials
|
Kerosene
and aviation
|
170
- 250
|
10
- 14
|
Airplane fuel
|
Solar
|
250
- 340
|
15
- 25
|
Diesel engine fuel
|
Oil
|
350
- 500
|
19
- 35
|
Lubricants
|
Paraffin
|
350
|
>
20
|
Wax raw materials
|
Residue
|
>
500
|
>
70
|
Asphalt and Anti-leak
coating
|
The
quality of gasoline is determined by the octane number, ie the number
indicating the amount of isooktan in gasoline. The octane number is a measure
of the ability of a fuel to overcome a tap when it burns in a machine that can
damage the engine. The higher the octane number the better. Pertamina issued 3
gasoline products: Premium with octane number 80 - 88, Pertamax with octane
number 91 - 92, and Pertamax Plus with octane number 95. octane number can be
increased by adding MTBE (Metyl Tertier Butyl Eter).
Market
demand for gasoline is quite large. So to increase the production of gasoline
can be done by:
1.Cracking (cracking), ie breaking large molecules into small molecules.
2.Reforming, ie changing the structure of straight chain molecules into branching chains.
3. Alkylation or polymerization, ie the incorporation of small molecules into large molecules.
Please watch here:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2_kI5K2EkC4&t=4s
1.Cracking (cracking), ie breaking large molecules into small molecules.
2.Reforming, ie changing the structure of straight chain molecules into branching chains.
3. Alkylation or polymerization, ie the incorporation of small molecules into large molecules.
Please watch here:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2_kI5K2EkC4&t=4s
If true petroleum can not be updated, how is the solution to replace if it has run out?
BalasHapusAlternative solutions to replace petroleum include adlah as follows:
Hapus1. Ethanol
Ethanol or also known as Methanol is a variant of alcohol. Ethanol can be produced from natural gas and hybrid materials that contain carbon. The use of Methanol as an alternative fuel is quite promising because the result of burning has low pollution so environmentally friendly.
2. Hydrogen
Hydrogen is made by breaking up natural gas and other resources of a similar nature. The largest source of hydrogen is water. If at any time technology to make hydrogen from water is economical, hydrogen could have great potential as fuel in the future. But research to produce alternative fuels from hydrogen remains to be done. Bio diesel Biodiesel is made by extracting various types of plants. Raw materials that can be processed into biodiesel are abundant. Biodiesel is an alternative fuel that is classified as having low emission so environmentally friendly. A major obstacle to being able to process materials into biodiesel oils is a tool that can extract enormous amounts of energy from multiple sources.
3. Natural Gas
Natural gas is a clean fuel source because the emissions generated from combustion are very low. Natural gas can be obtained directly from nature, and availability is still very large. The exhaust gas generated by user machines is much lower than that of gasoline or diesel fuel combustion. The use of natural gas as vehicle fuel has been done, but the users are still very few Because it is not fully supported by gas station providers.
4. E85
E85 is a type of fuel that can now be used as an alternative replacement for gasoline engines. E85 is made from a mixture of 2 types of fuel, ie 85 percent ethanol and less gasoline at 15 percent. But the E85 is still less efficient for the engine when compared to using full fuel gasoline. For the same mileage, E85 users will need 2 times more than if using gasoline. So it takes a high dedication to the environment if using B85 as a vehicle fuel, because of course the exhaust emissions are lower than gasoline.
What is the peculiarity of carbon atoms?
BalasHapusBased on the sixth electron configuration possessed by the carbon atom it is found that the valence electrons it possesses 4. To achieve stability, this atom still requires 4 more electrons by means of covalent bonding.
Hapusexplain the decomposition process ?
BalasHapusThe notion of decomposition is the process of changing something into a simpler form or character.
HapusExample Decomposition - This decomposition process can be exemplified in the paroses of decaying organic matter in plants, for example in the process of decomposition of a material. The organic matter undergoes decomposition resulting in decomposition into other smaller materials.
Well, the process can be said as the decomposition of plants in the form of organic materials which then bring up the forms of new organic materials are more simple.
LNG is also widely used for chemical industry raw materials such as making methanol and fertilizer, can you explain how the process of making methanol?
BalasHapusMetanol dibuat dari CH4 (metana) dengan dua tahap. Pada tahap 1 gas metana dipanaskan dengan uap air membentuk gas CO dan H2.
HapusCH4(g) + H2O(g) -> CO(g) + 3 H2(g)
Pada tahap 2 gas CO dan gas H2 direaksikan membentuk metanol.
What causes color in petroleum to be black or greenish?
BalasHapusColors in petroleum are generally associated with their specific gravity. If the specific gravity is high then the color of the oil is blackish green. Colors in petroleum are caused by fouling, for example the oxidation of hydrocarbons, because the hydrocarbons themselves do not exhibit any particular color.
HapusDo you think petroleum is more prevalent where, is it in a dry, arid and barren place, or in a fertile and moist place?
BalasHapus